Abstract Significant opportunities exist in the use of seafood by-products to create new beneficial products. Moreover, cephalopod skin is a good source of bioactive compounds. The present study compares the chemical structure properties and antioxidant activity of pigments extracted from the skin of Octopus vulgaris (OVS) and Dosidicus gigas (DGS) with methanol-HCl (T1) and ethanol-HCl (T2). The solubility and spectroscopic analysis (UV-Vis and 1H NMR) indicated that extracted pigments belonged to the ommochrome family. Xanthommatin, dihydroxanthommatin, and kynurenine compounds were identified in the extracts using correlated homonuclear spectroscopy (COSY). The results showed that OVS yielded a higher recovery rate of pigments with antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP) than DGS in both solvents. T1 extracted the highest level of antioxidant pigments. The kynurenine proportion and proton peaks observed at 3.0-5.0 ppm (amino-aromatics) in the 1H NMR spectra may explain the differences in antioxidant activity of OVS and DGS.

Abstract In the present study, the antimutagenic activity of methanolic (MP) and hexanic (HP) phase from hexane-soluble extract of Paraoctopus vulgaris was evaluated. The HP showed significant concentration-dependent antimutagenic activity (p < 0.05) in the Ames assay against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 tester strains. Seven fractions (F1-F7) were obtained from HP by silica gel-column chromatography and the antimutagenic activity of F6 and F7 caused significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the number of AFB1-induced revertants in both strains. However, high antimutagenic activity was exhibited in TA98 strain (85-97% reversion inhibition) and remained at a fraction-concentration of 3 μg/mL. F6 and F7 composition was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography/photodiode array, both fractions shared one peak at 9.42 min suggesting presence of the same compound. 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR analysis results indicate that the bioactive compound is bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Based on of these results bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exhibit antimutagenic activity, which allows to consider it for further investigation as a potential chemopreventive compound.

Abstract Wine is a worldwide known beverage, and even though its consumption has been associated with the reduction of heart diseases and the extent of lifespan, it also has compounds that might cause adverse effects on human health such as methanol and acetaldehyde. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of time, temperature, and pectic enzymes over wine methanol and acetaldehyde concentrations during vinification. Three temperatures (20, 30, and 35 °C) and three pectic enzyme concentrations (0, 9, and 18 µL/Kg) were tested, allowing fermentation to stop due to sugar depletion. Both methanol and acetaldehyde were quantified throughout the fermentation process. Temperature reduced methanol production, observing the lowest methanol concentration (53.543 ± 3.267 mg/100 mL of wine) at 35 °C in the absence of pectic enzyme. Acetaldehyde was not affected by these variables. Alcohol, methanol, and acetaldehyde concentrations were adjusted to mathematical models with high correlations.

Resumen El vino es una bebida conocida a nivel mundial, y aun cuando su consumo ha sido asociado a la reducción de enfermedades cardiacas y la extensión de la esperanza de vida, también posee compuestos que pueden tener efectos adversos a la salud humana tales como el metanol y el acetaldehído. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el efecto del tiempo, temperatura y la adición de enzimas pécticas en las concentraciones de metanol y acetaldehído durante el proceso de vinificación. Se utilizaron temperaturas (20, 30 y 35ºC) y tres concentraciones de enzimas pécticas (0, 9 y 18 µL/Kg), dejando que la fermentación se detuviera por el agotamiento del azúcar. Tanto el metanol como el acetaldehído fueron cuantificados durante el proceso de fermentación. La temperatura redujo la producción del metanol, observándose la concentración más baja (53.543 ± 3.267 mg/100 mL de vino) a los 35ºC en la ausencia de enzimas pécticas. El acetaldehído no se ve afectado por las variables. Se ajustaron el alcohol, metanol y acetaldehído a modelación matemática con altos valores de correlación.

Abstract Enormous amounts of by-products and waste are generated during the processing of seafood, sometimes representing about 65% of the raw material employed. Seafood by-products (SB) include solid waste such as skin, head, viscera, trimmings, and bones; however, liquid wastes (effluents) derived from operations such as washing, thawing, cooking and the production of fishmeal are also produced. SB contain considerable amounts of protein and others biomolecules, which has been regularly processed as food ingredients for animal nutrition. But also, sometimes SB are used as fertilizers or discarded to environment without a previous treatment. Nowadays, there is an increasing interest in adding value to the protein material within SB by improving their properties through hydrolysis and thus releasing of peptides with bioactive properties. Thus, this review aims to present an overview of the potential of SB, focused on effluents, as a source of protein hydrolysates, summarizing their methods of production, bioactive property evaluation and structural characteristics.

Abstract Biochemical composition was assessed in green (Ulva expansa, Caulerpa sertularioides, Rhizoclonium riparium, Codium isabelae), red (Spyridia filamentosa, Gracilaria vermiculophylla), and brown (Padina durvillaei) seaweeds collected from different tropical lagoons on the Pacific coast of Sinaloa, Mexico. Protein content was higher in C. sertularioides, S. filamentosa, and G. vermiculophylla (10-12%), followed by R. riparium, P. durvillaei, and U. expansa (8%, 6%, and 4%, respectively). Lipid content was in the range of 0.3-1.5%, with the highest value found in R. riparium. The highest content of nitrogen-free extract (i.e., carbohydrates) (69%) and the lowest ash value (25%) were assessed in P. durvillaei. Polyunsaturated fatty acid content was in the range of 5-45%, with higher values in R. riparium (45%), C. sertularioides (39%), and P. durvillaei (23%). Red seaweeds showed the highest value of cholesterol+dehydrocholesterol (>90%), while green seaweeds showed the highest contents of β-sitosterol (71-77%), except for U. expansa, for which fucosterol+isofucosterol (79%) was highest. Pigment composition was different among seaweeds but coincided with previous reports. The biochemical components used as biomarkers were assessed by principal component analysis to discriminate among assessed variables and to cluster seaweed species according to the common variability of their biochemical composition. Results showed that composition was similar within seaweed divisions but particularly different in U. expansa and P. durvillaei. Biochemical compounds that contributed to total variability were β-sitosterol, 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3, chlorophyll a and b, and β-carotene, and to a lesser extent fucosterol+isofocusterol and 22:6n-3. Results showed that the analyzed seaweed species may be useful for animal nutrition and appropriate for human consumption.

Resumen Se determinó la composición bioquímica de algas verdes (Ulva expansa, Caulerpa sertularioides, Rhizoclonium riparium, Codium isabelae), rojas (Spyridia filamentosa, Gracilaria vermiculophylla) y parda (Padina durvillaei) recolectadas en diferentes lagunas tropicales en la costa del Pacífico en Sinaloa, México. El contenido de proteínas fue más alto en C. sertularioides, S. filamentosa y G. vermiculophylla (10-12%), seguido de R. riparium, P. durvillaei y U. expansa (8%, 6% y 4%, respectivamente). El contenido de lípidos se encontró en el intervalo de 0.3-1.5%, con el valor más alto encontrado en R. riparium. El contenido más alto del extracto libre de nitrógeno (i.e., carbohidratos) (69%) y el valor más bajo de cenizas (25%) se encontró en P. durvillaei. El contenido de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (AGPI) se encontró en el intervalo del 5% al 45%, con los valores más altos en R. riparium (45%), C. sertularioides (39%) y P. durvillaei (23%). Las algas rojas mostraron el mayor valor de colesterol+dehidrocolesterol (>90%), mientras que las algas verdes mostraron el mayor contenido de β-sitosterol (71-77%), excepto U. expansa, para la cual el principal esterol fue el fucoesterol+isofucosterol (79%). El contenido de pigmentos fue diferente entre las algas, aunque coincidió con reportes previos. Los componentes bioquímicos usados como biomarcadores se analizaron por componentes principales para discriminar entre las variables analizadas y agrupar las especies de algas en función de la variabilidad de su composición bioquímica. Los resultados mostraron una composición similar en cada grupo de algas, pero particularmente diferente en U. expansa y P. durvillaei. Los compuestos bioquímicos que contribuyeron a la variabilidad total fueron β-sitosterol, 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3, clorofila a y b, β-caroteno y, en menor grado, fucosterol+isofucosterol y 22:6n-3. Los resultados indican que las especies de algas analizadas podrían ser utilizadas como alimento para animales, pero también para consumo humano.

ABSTRACT A method to quantify aluminum (Al) in tissues of Sprague Dawley rats by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (F-AAS) and graphite furnace (GF-AAS) was validated. The linearity was evaluated by the correlation coefficient (r) and the results were 1.000 and 0.9993 for F-AAS and GF-AAS, respectively. Accuracy was 100.62 and 97.75 %, while the precision coefficient of variation was of 0.61 and 1.30 % for F-AAS and GF-AAS, respectively. Precision was also evaluated under repeatability conditions; the result obtained indicates that the method is repeatable for the Al concentrations used and determined by F-AAS and GF-AAS. The results of limit of detection and limit of quantification of Al determined by F-AAS were 0.06 and 0.19 mg/L, and 0.05 to 0.18 µg/L of Al determined by GF-AAS. Furthermore, the accuracy of the analytical method was evaluated with oyster tissue as certified reference material (NIST-1566b) digested in microwave system and containing a concentration of 197.2 ± 6.0 mg of Al/kg of tissue. The results for accuracy through the percent recovery rate were 100.60 and 100.51 % for F-AAS and GF-AAS, respectively. Finally, the applicability of the method was evaluated by fortifying rats’ tissues and controls. The results for accuracy by the recovery rate ranged between 99.32 and 109.00 %.

RESUMEN Se validó el método para cuantificar aluminio (Al) en tejidos de ratas Sprague Dawley mediante espectroscopia de absorción atómica por flama (EAA-F) y por horno de grafito (EAA-HG). La linealidad se evaluó mediante el coeficiente de correlación (r), cuyos resultados fueron de 1.000 y 0.9993 para EAA-F y EAA-HG, respectivamente. La exactitud fue de 100.62 y 97.75 % de recuperación, en tanto que la precisión fue de 0.61 y 1.30 % del coeficiente de variación para EAA-F y EAA-HG, respectivamente. La precisión también se evaluó en condiciones de repetibilidad; el resultado obtenido indica que el método es repetible para las concentraciones de aluminio (Al) utilizadas y determinadas por EAA-F y EAA-HG. Los resultados de límite de detección y límite de cuantificación para Al determinados por EAA-F fueron de 0.06 y 0.19 mg/L, y de 0.05 y 0.18 µg/L por EAA-HG. Por otro lado, se evaluó la exactitud del método analítico con un material de referencia certificado de tejido de ostión (NIST-1566b) digerido en horno de microondas, el cual contiene una concentración 197.2 ± 6.0 mg de Al/Kg de tejido. Los resultados obtenidos para la exactitud a través del porcentaje de recuperación fueron de 100.60 % para EAA-F y de 100.51 % para EAA-HG. La aplicabilidad del método se evaluó mediante la fortificación de tejidos de ratas (mama, cerebro, hígado y hueso), así como controles digeridos en horno de microondas. Los resultados obtenidos para la exactitud mediante el porcentaje de recuperación fluctuaron entre 99.32 y 109.00.

Abstract The potential of cantabrian anchovy (Engraulis encrarischolus) viscera as a source of bioactive compounds is of interest for both, pharmaceutical and food industries. Cantabrian anchovy guts and heads were freeze-dried, extracted with methanol and subjected to fractionation by solvent partitioning using hexane, ethyl acetate, and butanol. Fractions were tested for antimutagenic, antioxidant, antifungal, and antibacterial activity using the Ames test; DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays; the radial grown inhibition assay; and the microbroth dilution method, respectively. Five fractions were obtained from the anchovy gut methanolic extract, in addition to the hexane- (HF), ethyl acetate- (EAF), and butanol-soluble (BF) fractions, an aqueous-soluble fraction (ALF) and precipitated crystals (ACF) in this were also obtained. HF and EAF resulted to be antimutagenic, HF and ALF showed antifungal activity, BF and ACF showed the highest antioxidant potential, and HF and BF were antibacterial against several strains. Anchovy gut, which to the present study had not been reported for any bioactivity, has antimutagenic, antifungal, antioxidant, and antibacterial compounds, which need to be isolated for full characterization and study.

Abstract: Some medicinal plants have been studied on phytopathogenic fungi for their antifungal activity. For this reason the goal of this study was to evaluate methanolic extract of Jacquinia macrocarpa and Krameria erecta on radial growth, spore germination, biomass production of Fusarium verticillioides. Methanolic extract of J. macrocarpa which caused the best results was sequentially partitioned with hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. Only the butanolic fraction was active. It delayed the spore germination and the colony growth changed from radial to apical, which is a way to express it is under pressure due to chemicals present in the fraction. Fumonisin production was not affected by the extract. We conclude that J. macrocarpa methanolic extract and its butanolic fraction are capable to delay the radial growth of F. verticillioides and the kinetic of spore germination and do not affect fumonisin production.

Resumen: Algunas plantas medicinales han sido estudiadas sobre hongos fitopatógenos para conocer si tienen propiedades antifúngicas, por ello en este estudio se evaluaron los extractos metanólicos de hojas de Jacquinia macrocarpa y Krameria erecta sobre el crecimiento radial, germinación de esporas y producción de biomasa por Fusarium moniliforme en medio agar papa dextrosa. El extracto de J. macrocarpa que presentó mejores resultados fue particionado con hexano, acetato de etilo y n-butanol. Solo la fracción butanólica presentó actividad, ya que retardó la germinación de esporas y el crecimiento de las colonias cambió de radial a apical, que indica que el hongo está estresado. La producción de fumonisina no fue afectada por el extracto. Se concluye que el extracto metanólico de J. macrocarpa y su fracción butanólica son capaces de retardar el crecimiento de F. verticillioides in vitro y no afectan la producción de fumonisinas.

Abstract The search for chemopreventive/chemoprotective compounds in marine organism has been extensively reported; however, the presence of these compounds in octopus has been incipiently explored. In this research, the antimutagenic, antiproliferative, and antioxidant potential of three crude extracts (methanolic, acetonic, and hexanic) from Paroctopus limaculatus was investigated. Antimutagenic activity against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was evaluated through the Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA98 and 100. Antiproliferative activity was assessed using the standard MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide) assay on M12.C3.F6 murine cell line. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) methods. Hexanic extract showed the highest antimutagenic and antiproliverative activities inhibiting 80 and 43% of mutagenicity induced by AFB1 for TA98 and TA100, respectively, and showing a high antiproliferative activity at 200 and 100 µg/mL. However, when the antioxidant activity was evaluated at a concentration of 50 mg/mL, the methanolic fraction exerted inhibition of 98 and 96 % ABTS and DPPH radicals, respectively. RP-HPLC and 1H-RMN analyses suggested the presence of double bonds with extended conjugation and oxygenated compounds such as alcohols, esters, ethers or ketones. These results suggested that hexanic and methanolic extract form octopus contained compounds with chemoprotective and antioxidant properties.

AbstractHydrolysates from two different jumbo squid byproducts (fins and arms), produced by trypsin and protease type XIV were compared on the basis of their antioxidant (DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays), antimutagenic (Ames test) and antiproliferative (Transformation cell proliferation in M12.C3F6 murine cells) activities. Jumbo squid arms had higher content of collagen than fins, and their hydrolysates had the highest antioxidant activity. Also, jumbo squid arm-derived collagen hydrolyzed with protease XIV showed the highest antimutagenic activity. The four hydrolysates obtained showed low antiproliferative activity, however they are susceptible for further studies to be applied as food additives.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fractions obtained from the plant Jacquinia macrocarpa against phytopathogenic fungi Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus and Fusarium verticillioides. The powder of the dried plant materials was extracted with methanol (70 % v/v) and partitioned with hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. The most active fraction against the radial growth of the fungi was further fractionated by silica gel chromatography. The fraction from J. macrocarpa partitioned in n-butanol (BF) showed the highest antifungal activity against the three fungi. Sub-fraction F5.4 completely inhibited the growth of F. verticillioides, whereas the radial growth of A. flavus and A. parasiticus was inhibited 70 % and 64 %, respectively. Spores germination of A. parasiticus and F. verticillioides was inhibited 7.8 % and 11.8%, respectively. The lengths and diameters of hyphae of the three fungi were smaller than those of controls. Spore diameters of the Aspergillus species were reduced, while spores of F. verticillioides were not affected. The spore viability of A. flavus, A. parasiticus and F. verticillioides was reduced 40.7 %, 44.8 % and 46.3 %, respectively. Fraction F5.4 significantly inhibited the development of the three fungi, mainly F. verticillioides.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de fracciones obtenidas de la planta Jacquinia macrocarpa contra los hongos fitopatógenos Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus y Fusarium verticillioides. Polvos de la planta deshidratada fueron extraídos con metanol (70 % v/v) y particionados con hexano, acetato de etilo y n-butanol. La fracción con mayor actividad contra el crecimiento radial de los hongos fue adicionalmente fraccionada por cromatografía en sílica gel. La fracción particionada en n-butanol (BF) mostro la mayor actividad antifúngica contra los tres hongos. La sub-fracción F5.4 inhibió el crecimiento radial de F. verticillioides completamente, mientras que el de A. flavus y A. parasiticus fue inhibido en 70 % y 64 %, respectivamente. La germinación de esporas de A. parasiticus y F. verticillioides fue inhibida en 7.8 % y 11.8 %, respectivamente. La longitud y el diámetro de las hifas de los tres hongos fueron menores que los de los controles. El diámetro de las esporas de las especies de Aspergillus fueron reducidas, mientras que las esporas de F. verticillioides no fueron afectadas. La viabilidad de A. flavus, A. parasiticus y F. verticillioides fue reducida en 40.7 %, 44.8 % y 46.3 %, respectivamente. La fracción F5.4 inhibió el desarrollo de los tres hongos significativamente, principalmente a F. verticillioides.

The safflower production in the Mexican state of Sonora has been significantly affected by a new fungal disease caused by Ramularia cercosporelloides. Producers have been applied several fungicide treatments which implies high economic investment and high risk for environment pollution. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential antifungal activity of the methanolic extract of Datura stramonium as an alternative to control this fungus. The effect of the methanolic extract on the radial growth kinetic, biomass production and the concentration required to delay 50% (CR50) of radial growth were determined. An in vivo test was done to evaluate the effect of the methanolic extract on the safflower seed germination. The methanolic extract 10%, v/v caused 75.0% inhibition on the fungal growth at 96 h of incubation in media v8. When the CR50 (3.0%, v/v) was applied the radial inhibition was 32.0%. The methanolic extract did not affect the biomass production. The safflower seed germination was not affected by the methanolic extract because most of the s normally developed.

La producción de cártamo en Sonora se ha visto significativamente afectada por el desarrollo de una enfermedad causada por el hongo Ramularia cercosporelloides. Productores locales han aplicado severos tratamientos con fungicidas incrementando los riesgos para el medio ambiente. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el uso del extracto metanólico de Datura stramonium como una alternativa para el control de R. cercosporelloides. Se evaluó el efecto del extracto metanólico sobre la cinética de crecimiento radial del hongo, determinando la concentración requerida para retardar la extensión radial en un 50% (CR50) y se cuantificó la producción de biomasa. Además, se evalúo la germinación de semilla de cártamo tratada con el extracto metanólico de Datura stramonium. El extracto metanólico al 10% (v/v) inhibió en 75.0% el crecimiento radial de Ramularia a las 96 h de incubación en medio v8, y 32.0% al utilizar la CR50 (3.0% v/v). El extracto metanólico no afectó la producción de biomasa con respecto al control metanólico. En germinación de semilla, se observó que la aplicación con el extracto metanólico no protegió contra la invasión de Ramularia. Sin embargo, las semillas germinaron y la plántula se desarrolló normalmente.

The aim of this work was to determine the inhibitory effect of methanolic extracts of Ambrosia confertiflora, Azadirachta indica, Baccharis glutinosa, and Larrea tridentata on spore germination and mycelial growth of Fusarium verticillioides. The spore germination percentage, radial growth extension, and biomass production were evaluated on potato-dextrose-agar (PDA) amended with 5.6, 11.0, 14.0, and 16.7% (v/v) of the extracts at 25°C. PDA medium with or without methanol was used as a control. Results showed that extracts of B. glutinosa and L. tridentata had the highest inhibitory effect (P < 0.05) on spore germination (> 92%), radial growth extension (> 90%), and biomass production (> 95%) at 100, 336, and 336 h after inoculation, respectively. On the other hand, extracts from A. confertiflora and A. indica were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from the control. These results indicate that the extracts of B. glutinosa and L. tridentata might be natural and effective alternatives for control of F. verticillioides during its different growth phases, spores germination, and mycelial growth.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el efecto inhibitorio de extractos metanólicos de Ambrosia confertiflora, Azadirachta indica, Baccharis glutinosa y Larrea tridentata en la germinación de esporas y en el crecimiento micelial de Fusarium verticillioides. El porcentaje de germinación de esporas, el crecimiento radial y la producción de biomasa se evaluaron usando papa-dextrosa-agar (PDA) con 5.6, 11.0, 14.0 y 16.7% (v/v) de los extractos a 25°C. Se utilizó medio PDA con y sin metanol como testigo. Los resultados indicaron que los extractos de B. glutinosa y L. tridentata presentaron el mayor efecto inhibitorio (P < 0.05) en la germinación de las esporas (> 92%), en el crecimiento radial (> 90%) y en la producción de biomasa (> 95%) a las 100, 336 y 336 h después de la inoculación, respectivamente. Por otro lado, los extractos de A. confertiflora y A. indica no fueron significativamente diferentes (P > 0.05) al testigo. Estos resultados indican que los extractos de B. glutinosa y L. tridentata pueden ser una fuente de productos naturales alternativos y efectivos para el control de F. verticillioides en sus diferentes fases de crecimiento, en la germinación de esporas, así como en el crecimiento micelial.